BCA Society and Technology Question Paper Solution  2018 , 2019 - 1st Semester

BCA Society and Technology Question Paper Solution 2018 - 1st Semester

Bachelor in Computer Applications  

Course Title: Society and Technology

Code No: CACO102

Semester: I 

Full Marks: 60  

Pass Marks: 24  

Time: 3 hours  

Candidates are required to answer the questions in their own words as far as possible. Attempt all the questions.

Group A: 1. Circle (O) the correct answer.  [10x1 = 10] 

1. Use of sociology to solve the problems of society is  

   a) (O) Applied sociology  

   b) Basic sociology  

   c) Both a and b  

   d) None of these  

2. Identify the types of culture  

   a) Material Culture  

   b) Non-material culture  

   c) (O) Both a and b  

   d) None of these  

3. Social disintegration is a process in which members of a society feel  

   a) United  

   b) (O) Separated  

   c) togetherness  

   d) none of these  

4. Polyandry is a form of marriage in which  

   a) Many women marry one man  

   b) (O) Many men are husband of one woman  

   c) Both a and b  

   d) None of the above  

5. A caste system as a pure theoretical type is based upon  

   a) (O) Ascribed status  

   b) Achieved status  

   c) Both achieved and ascribed status  

   d) None of these  

6. Close face to face interactions like family are examples of  

   a) (O) Group  

   b) Community  

   c) Society  

   d) None of these  

7. A large social grouping that shares the same geographical territory and is subject to the same political authority and dominant expectations is  

   a) Primary social group  

   b) Secondary social group  

   c) Tertiary social group  

   d) (O) None of the above  

8. To be a computer professional is  

   a) (O) Achieved status  

   b) Ascribed status  

   c) Both a and b  

   d) None of these  

9. Technology is  

   a) Machine  

   b) Artificial things  

   c) Apparatus which reduces human efforts  

   d) (O) All of the above  

10. Mixed method in social research indicates  

    a) Qualitative method  

    b) Quantitative method  

    c) (O) Both a and b  

    d) All of the above  

Group B : Attempt any SIX questions.[6x5 = 30]

11. How sociology is a general science? Discuss with example.

Answer:

Sociology is often regarded as a general science because it aims to understand human interaction and social life in a comprehensive and broad manner. Unlike specific sciences that focus on particular aspects of human existence, such as economics, politics, or psychology, sociology adopts a holistic approach by studying the entirety of human activities and social phenomena.

One key aspect that distinguishes sociology as a general science is its emphasis on understanding human behavior within the context of social groups and structures. While psychology delves into the individual psyche and behavior, sociology shifts its focus to the dynamics of groups, communities, and societies as a whole. For example, while psychology might investigate the motivations and behaviors of individual actors within a family, sociology would analyze the family unit as a social institution and explore how its members interact, communicate, and fulfill various roles within the broader societal framework.

Moreover, sociology is often described as the "psychology of groups" due to its interest in understanding how collective behavior emerges from individual actions and interactions. It explores how social norms, values, and institutions shape the behavior of individuals within a group and how group dynamics influence societal structures and processes. For instance, sociologists might study how cultural norms and socialization practices within a particular community contribute to the formation of social identities and group cohesion.

Additionally, sociology shares similarities with anthropology, another discipline concerned with the study of humankind. However, while anthropology focuses on the holistic study of human cultures, societies, and civilizations across time and space, sociology primarily examines contemporary social phenomena and institutions. Anthropology often involves immersive fieldwork and ethnographic research to gain insights into the cultural practices, beliefs, and traditions of different societies, whereas sociology typically relies on a combination of qualitative and quantitative methods to analyze social trends, patterns, and dynamics within modern societies.

In essence, sociology's status as a general science stems from its interdisciplinary nature and its broad scope of inquiry into human social life. By examining social interactions, structures, and institutions from a holistic perspective, sociology seeks to uncover the underlying patterns and processes that shape human behavior and societal development. Through empirical research and theoretical analysis, sociologists contribute to our understanding of the complexities of social life and the challenges facing contemporary societies.

12. "Family is a primary social institution". Describe its features in third world society.

Answer:

The family is universally recognized as a primary social institution, playing a foundational role in shaping individuals and societies. In third-world societies, its significance is often amplified due to cultural and economic contexts. Here, we delve into the features of the family within third-world societies:

a. Formation and Composition:  

   The family is formed through sexual relationships, encompassing marriage and blood ties. It consists of individuals who share a common household, interacting in various social roles such as husband, wife, parents, siblings, and extended relatives.

b. Types of Families:  

   Third-world societies typically exhibit various types of family structures, including:

   - Joint Family: Multiple generations residing together under one roof, sharing resources and responsibilities.

   - Nuclear Family: Comprising parents and their children, living independently or within a separate household.

   - Extended Family: Involving multiple generations cohabitating and sharing familial duties and responsibilities.

c. Features of Family in Third-World Societies:  

   - Universality: The family institution exists universally across cultures and societies, albeit with variations in structure and dynamics.

   - Determinants of Structure: The structure of the family is influenced by cultural norms, traditions, and the form of marriage prevalent in the society.

   - Emotional Bonds: Families foster emotional connections among members, providing support, care, and nurturing relationships.

   - Limited Size: Families in third-world societies often have a limited size due to socio-economic constraints and cultural preferences.

   - Social Regulation: Families contribute to maintaining social order and cohesion through the transmission of norms, values, and traditions.

   - Permanence and Temporality: While families are considered permanent entities, their composition and dynamics may change over time due to factors such as migration, marriage, or death.

   - Common Habitation: Family members typically reside together in a shared dwelling, fostering close interactions and interdependence.

   - Agent of Personality Development: Families play a crucial role in shaping individual identities and personalities through socialization processes.

   - Lineage and Heredity: Families are instrumental in determining lineage, passing down familial heritage, traditions, and genetic traits.

   - Functions: Families fulfill various functions, including childbearing, rearing, protection, provision of residence, socialization, cultural transmission, and satisfaction of emotional and physical needs.

   - Religious, Economic, and Educational Functions: Families often serve as centers for religious practices, economic activities, and educational endeavors, transmitting cultural and practical knowledge across generations.

In summary, the family in third-world societies serves as a cornerstone of social organization, embodying cultural values, traditions, and practices while fulfilling essential roles in individual and societal development. Its features reflect a complex interplay of socio-cultural factors and economic realities, underscoring its enduring significance in human societies.

3. Define socialization and describe its stages and agents.

Answer:

Socialization is a fundamental process that begins during childhood and continues throughout one's life, whereby individuals acquire the values, habits, and attitudes of their society. It involves learning the norms, roles, language, social skills, and cultural practices necessary for integration into a group or community. Socialization enables individuals to adapt to their social environment and develop a sense of identity and belonging.

Stages of Socialization:

a. The Oral Stage:  

   This initial stage of socialization begins at birth and extends through infancy. Infants rely heavily on their caregivers, typically their mothers, for survival and care. During this stage, babies develop a sense of dependency and establish basic expectations for their needs to be met. They learn to communicate through crying and develop early attachments to their primary caregivers.

b. The Anal Stage:  

   The anal stage occurs during early childhood, typically from around one to three years of age. It is named for the focus on toilet training during this period. Children begin to internalize roles and norms, distinguishing between acceptable and unacceptable behavior based on guidance from their parents or caregivers. They learn to regulate their bodily functions and behaviors through reinforcement and socialization.

c. The Puberty Stage:  

   This stage spans from approximately the fourth year to puberty, usually around the ages of 12 to 13. During this period, children start to identify with broader social roles beyond their immediate family. They become more aware of their gender identity and social expectations associated with it. Adolescents begin to navigate their place within society and develop a sense of belonging to larger social groups beyond the family unit.

d. The Adolescence Stage:  

   Adolescence marks the transition from childhood to adulthood and is characterized by increasing independence and autonomy. Adolescents seek greater freedom and autonomy while still negotiating parental guidance and societal expectations. This stage involves identity formation, exploration of individual interests and values, and the development of relationships outside the family sphere.

Agents of Socialization:

a. The Family:  

   The family serves as the primary agent of socialization, providing the initial context for learning social norms, values, and behaviors. Family members impart cultural traditions, language, and social skills through daily interactions and modeling behaviors.

b. The School:  

   Schools play a crucial role in socialization by transmitting formal education and societal norms. Students learn academic knowledge, social rules, and cooperation through classroom interactions, extracurricular activities, and peer relationships.

c. Peer Groups:  

   Peer groups exert significant influence during adolescence, shaping attitudes, behaviors, and identity formation. Interactions with peers provide opportunities for socialization outside the family and contribute to the development of social skills, group norms, and peer relationships.

d. Religious Institutions:  

   Temples, churches, mosques, and other religious institutions serve as agents of socialization by imparting religious beliefs, moral values, and cultural practices. Religious rituals, ceremonies, and teachings reinforce social norms and provide a sense of community and belonging.

e. Mass Media:  

   Mass media, including television, radio, internet, and social media, influence socialization by disseminating cultural values, norms, and ideologies. Media representations shape perceptions of self and society, influencing attitudes, behaviors, and identities across diverse populations.

In summary, socialization is a lifelong process that involves multiple stages and agents working together to shape individuals' understanding of themselves and their roles within society. From infancy through adolescence and into adulthood, socialization enables individuals to navigate their social environment, form relationships, and participate in the broader social fabric of their community.

4. What is technological society? Describe its features in third world society.

Answer:

A technological society is characterized by the pervasive influence of technology in all aspects of human life and activity. It refers to a society where technology plays a central role in shaping social, economic, cultural, and political systems. In a technological society, the development, use, and application of advanced technology have significant implications for individuals, communities, and the overall organization of society.

Features of Technological Society in Third World Societies:

a. Dependency on Technology:  

   Third World societies increasingly rely on technology for various aspects of daily life, including communication, transportation, healthcare, education, and industry. Dependence on technology has become integral to the functioning of these societies, influencing social norms, behaviors, and lifestyles.

b. Improved Communication and Information Systems:  

   Technology has revolutionized communication and information systems in Third World societies. Access to mobile phones, the internet, and social media platforms has facilitated rapid communication, information sharing, and connectivity, bridging geographical distances and enabling global interactions.

c. Advancements in Healthcare:  

   Technological advancements have led to significant improvements in healthcare services in Third World societies. Innovations in medical equipment, diagnostic tools, and treatment modalities have enhanced disease identification, management, and prevention, contributing to improved health outcomes and increased life expectancy.

d. Enhanced Access to Education and Research:  

   Technology has expanded access to education and research opportunities in Third World societies. Online learning platforms, digital libraries, and educational resources enable individuals to pursue academic and professional development, irrespective of geographical barriers or socioeconomic constraints.

e. Efficiency in Industrial Production:  

   Technology has facilitated greater efficiency and productivity in industrial production processes in Third World societies. Automation, mechanization, and digitalization have streamlined manufacturing operations, reduced production costs, and increased output, contributing to economic growth and development.

f. Easy Transportation:  

   Technological advancements in transportation infrastructure have improved mobility and accessibility in Third World societies. Modern transportation systems, including roads, railways, airports, and public transit, facilitate the movement of goods, services, and people, promoting economic integration and regional connectivity.

g. Facilitated Administration and Documentation:  

   Technology has simplified administrative tasks and documentation processes in Third World societies. Digital record-keeping, electronic databases, and information management systems enable efficient data storage, retrieval, and analysis, enhancing organizational efficiency and decision-making.

h. Promotion of Innovation and Entrepreneurship:  

   Technology fosters innovation and entrepreneurship in Third World societies by providing platforms for creativity, collaboration, and enterprise development. Start-up ecosystems, technology hubs, and incubation centers empower individuals to harness technological tools and resources to address local challenges and create sustainable solutions.

In summary, a technological society in Third World contexts is characterized by the pervasive influence of technology in various spheres of life, driving social, economic, and cultural transformations. While technology offers numerous benefits and opportunities for development, its adoption and integration must be accompanied by measures to address digital divides, ensure equitable access, and mitigate potential risks and challenges.

15. What are the key research methods in social science? 

Answer:

Social science research methods encompass a variety of approaches used to gather and analyze data for understanding social phenomena. These methods include both quantitative and qualitative techniques, each serving different purposes in the research process.

Quantitative research methods involve collecting numerical data from a large sample size to analyze trends, patterns, and relationships statistically. Surveys, experiments, and statistical analysis are common tools used in quantitative research. This approach allows researchers to generalize findings to larger populations and test hypotheses rigorously.

Qualitative research methods, on the other hand, focus on exploring the depth and complexity of human behavior and experiences. Techniques such as interviews, focus groups, and ethnographic observations are employed to gather rich, descriptive data that provide insights into individuals' perspectives, motivations, and social interactions. Qualitative research is particularly useful for understanding social contexts, cultural norms, and subjective meanings.

Both quantitative and qualitative research methods have their strengths and limitations, and researchers often use a combination of approaches to gain a comprehensive understanding of social phenomena. This mixed-methods approach allows researchers to triangulate findings, validate results, and provide richer insights into the complexities of human behavior and society.

16. What is kinship? Discuss its types

Answer.:

Kinship refers to the social relationships between individuals within a society that are recognized as binding, whether by blood ties, marriage, adoption, or other rituals. It encompasses the various roles, norms, institutions, and cognitive processes associated with these relationships.

There are two main types of kinship found in societies worldwide:

a. Consanguineal Kinship: This type of kinship is based on blood relations. It includes relationships between individuals who share biological descent or ancestry. For example, the relationships between parents and children, siblings, grandparents, aunts, uncles, and cousins are all forms of consanguineal kinship. These relationships are considered fundamental and universal in most societies, forming the basis of family structures and social networks.

b. Affinal Kinship: Affinal kinship refers to relationships formed through marriage or other forms of partnership. When individuals enter into marital unions, they establish new kinship ties with their spouse's relatives. For example, the relationship between a husband and wife, as well as their relationships with their in-laws, constitutes affinal kinship. Unlike consanguineal kinship, which is based on biological connections, affinal kinship is socially constructed through the institution of marriage.

These two types of kinship are foundational elements of social organization in all human societies. They help define individual identities, roles, and obligations within family units and larger social groups. Additionally, kinship systems vary across cultures and can influence patterns of inheritance, social status, and social interaction within communities.

17. What are the factors of social and cultural changes? Discuss only three factors.

Answer:

Social and cultural changes are influenced by a multitude of factors, each playing a significant role in shaping the dynamics of societies. Three key factors contributing to social and cultural changes include:

a. Physical Environmental Factors:

Geographic changes and natural calamities such as climate variations, storms, earthquakes, floods, and droughts can have profound impacts on social life. These environmental factors directly affect human habitats, agriculture, and livelihoods, leading to shifts in population distribution, migration patterns, and economic activities. For instance, changes in climate patterns can alter agricultural productivity, prompting population movements and influencing cultural practices related to farming and food production. Environmental disasters can also disrupt social structures and community resilience, necessitating adaptive responses and fostering cultural changes in coping mechanisms and resource management.

b. Demographic Factors:

Demographic changes, encompassing aspects of population size, composition, and distribution, play a pivotal role in driving social and cultural transformations. Factors such as birth rates, death rates, and migration patterns shape the demographic structure of societies, impacting family dynamics, kinship systems, and social institutions. Changes in population demographics, such as aging populations or shifts in gender ratios, can have far-reaching implications for social cohesion, intergenerational relationships, and workforce dynamics. Demographic transitions also influence cultural norms and values, as societies adapt to evolving population profiles and changing social needs.

c. Economic Factors:

Economic influences, particularly industrialization and technological advancements, exert significant pressures on social and cultural systems. Industrialization revolutionizes modes of production, labor relations, and urbanization processes, leading to profound changes in social organization and lifestyle patterns. Economic developments drive shifts in occupational structures, income distribution, and consumer behaviors, shaping social stratification and cultural practices related to work, consumption, and leisure. Moreover, globalization and market integration facilitate the exchange of ideas, goods, and cultural practices across societies, fostering cultural diffusion and hybridization processes. Economic disparities and inequalities also fuel social tensions and conflicts, prompting cultural responses and resistance movements aimed at addressing socio-economic injustices.

These factors interact in complex ways, influencing the pace, direction, and outcomes of social and cultural changes in diverse societies. Understanding their interplay is essential for comprehending the dynamics of social transformation and fostering sustainable development strategies that promote social equity, cultural diversity, and environmental stewardship.

Group C : Attempt any TWO questions. [2×10=20]

18. What is national integration? Discuss its major dimensions.

Answer:

National integration is the cohesive force that binds together individuals belonging to diverse backgrounds, cultures, religions, regions, and ethnicities within a nation, fostering a sense of unity and common identity. It is the collective endeavor to build a harmonious society where all citizens feel a shared commitment to the well-being and progress of their country, regardless of their individual differences.

Major Dimensions of National Integration:

a. Political Dimension:

In the political dimension, national integration is manifested through the equitable distribution of power and representation among different social groups within the governance structure. It entails ensuring that all segments of society have a voice in decision-making processes and policies that affect them. This includes representation of minority groups, protection of minority rights, and fostering inclusive political participation. Political institutions play a crucial role in promoting national integration by upholding democratic principles, ensuring the rule of law, and safeguarding the rights and liberties of all citizens.

b. Social Dimension:

The social dimension of national integration revolves around fostering social cohesion, inclusivity, and equality among individuals from diverse social backgrounds. It entails promoting social justice, eliminating discrimination, and fostering mutual respect and understanding among different communities. Initiatives such as affirmative action, social welfare programs, and community engagement activities aim to bridge social divides, promote social mobility, and create a sense of solidarity among citizens. Additionally, promoting cultural diversity, tolerance, and interfaith dialogue fosters social harmony and strengthens the bonds of national unity.

c. Economic Dimension:

Economic integration involves creating opportunities for inclusive economic growth and development that benefit all segments of society. It entails reducing disparities in income, wealth, and access to resources by implementing policies that promote economic empowerment, job creation, and poverty alleviation. Investing in infrastructure development, education, healthcare, and social services helps to address socio-economic inequalities and promote social mobility. Moreover, fostering entrepreneurship, innovation, and sustainable development contributes to building a more resilient and inclusive economy that benefits the entire population.

d. Psychological Dimension:

The psychological dimension of national integration pertains to the emotional attachment, sense of belonging, and collective identity that individuals develop towards their nation. It involves fostering a shared sense of pride, loyalty, and commitment to the nation's values, ideals, and heritage. Psychological integration is characterized by a deep-seated feeling of unity and solidarity among citizens, transcending individual differences and fostering a strong national identity. This dimension emphasizes the importance of promoting patriotism, civic responsibility, and national consciousness among citizens, instilling a sense of ownership and allegiance to the collective welfare of the nation.

Efforts to promote national integration require a multi-faceted approach that addresses political, social, economic, and psychological dimensions simultaneously. By fostering inclusivity, equity, and solidarity among citizens, nations can build resilient societies capable of overcoming challenges and achieving shared goals, thereby ensuring peace, stability, and progress for all.

19.  Discuss the accountability of computer professionals towards society with examples.

Answer:

Accountability of computer professionals towards society is a paramount aspect in today's technology-driven world. These professionals wield significant power and influence through their work, making it essential for them to uphold ethical standards and consider the societal implications of their actions. One notable organization that exemplified this accountability is Computer Professionals for Social Responsibility (CPSR).

Established in 1983, CPSR was a global organization dedicated to promoting the responsible use of computer technology. It brought together computer scientists, researchers, and professionals from around the world to advocate for ethical computing practices and address pressing societal issues related to technology. CPSR played a pivotal role in educating policymakers and the public on various technology-related concerns, ranging from privacy and security to workplace issues and community networks.

One of CPSR's key initiatives was its opposition to the Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI), a US defense project aimed at using artificial intelligence in military systems. CPSR raised awareness about the potential risks and ethical implications of such technologies, organizing debates and conferences to engage stakeholders and foster informed discussions.

Furthermore, CPSR incubated numerous projects aimed at promoting privacy, digital rights, and social justice, including the Electronic Privacy Information Center and the Computers, Freedom and Privacy Conference. By advocating for transparency, accountability, and responsible decision-making in the tech industry, CPSR demonstrated the accountability of computer professionals towards society.

In addition to organizational efforts like CPSR, individual computer professionals also have a responsibility to consider the societal impact of their work. They should strive to design and develop technologies that prioritize the well-being and rights of individuals and communities. This may involve conducting thorough impact assessments, consulting with stakeholders, and advocating for ethical guidelines and regulations within their organizations.

Overall, the accountability of computer professionals towards society encompasses a range of ethical considerations and proactive actions aimed at promoting the greater good. By upholding ethical standards, advocating for social justice, and actively engaging with societal issues, computer professionals can contribute to a more responsible and equitable use of technology for the benefit of all.

20. What are the basis steps of proposal writing in social research describe in brief.

Answer:

Research proposal writing is a crucial step in social research, providing a structured plan for conducting a study and addressing key aspects of the research process. Below are the basic steps involved in writing a research proposal:

a. Research Title: The title should succinctly summarize the main focus of the research project.

b. Introduction: Provide background information on the research topic, including its significance and relevance to the field of study.

c. Statement of the Problem: Clearly articulate the research problem or question that the study aims to address.

d. Objectives: Outline the specific goals and objectives of the research, indicating what the study aims to achieve.

e. Research Questions: Formulate clear and concise research questions that guide the investigation.

f. Hypothesis Formulation (if applicable): State any hypotheses that will be tested during the research.

g. Expected Outcomes: Describe the anticipated outcomes or findings of the study.

h. Rationale of the Study: Justify why the research is important and how it contributes to existing knowledge in the field.

i. Limitations of the Study: Acknowledge any potential limitations or constraints that may impact the research process or results.

j. Literature Review: Summarize relevant literature and studies related to the research topic, providing context and theoretical foundation for the study.

k. Theoretical Framework: Present the theoretical framework or perspective that guides the research approach.

l. Conceptual Framework: Outline the conceptual framework or model used to conceptualize the study's variables and relationships.

m. Research Methods: Detail the research methods and procedures to be employed, including:

    - Research design

    - Sample size, sampling procedure, and sampling technique

    - Data collection procedure

    - Data analysis procedure and instruments

n. Time Schedule (Gantt Chart): Create a timeline or schedule outlining the sequence of research activities and milestones.

o. Budget (if required): Estimate the financial resources needed to conduct the research, including expenses for materials, equipment, and personnel.

p. References: Provide a list of references cited in the proposal, following a consistent citation style.

By following these steps, researchers can develop a comprehensive and well-organized research proposal that effectively communicates the rationale, objectives, and methodology of the study.

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BCA Society and Technology Question Paper Solution 2019 - 1st Semester

BCA Society and Technology Question Paper Solution 2019 - 1st Semester

Bachelor in Computer Applications  

Course Title: Society and Technology

Code No: CACO102

Semester: I 

Full Marks: 60  

Pass Marks: 24  

Time: 3 hours  

Candidates are required to answer the questions in their own words as far as possible. Attempt all the questions.

Group B : Attempt any SIX questions.[6x5 = 30]

11. Define sociology and discuss its nature.

Answer:

Sociology is the science of society, aiming to comprehend social life as a whole. However, to grasp the entirety of social life, sociology necessitates collaboration with other social sciences that focus on specific aspects of society. For instance, economics explores economic dimensions, while political science delves into the political sphere. Thus, sociology maintains a symbiotic relationship with other social sciences, often considered the foundation of the broader social sciences. Moreover, sociology amalgamates insights from other disciplines, illustrating its intimate connection with various fields. Understanding the interplay between sociology and other social sciences is crucial for a comprehensive understanding of societal dynamics.

Nature of sociology:

a. Distinct Branch of Knowledge: Sociology possesses unique characteristics setting it apart from other disciplines within society.

b. Generalizing Science: Sociology seeks to unveil universal laws and principles governing human interaction, associations, and the structural composition of human groups and societies.

c. Comprehensive Scope: Embracing society in its entirety, sociology encompasses all facets of human existence in a holistic manner.

d. Rational and Empirical Science: Sociology employs both rational thought and empirical methods to study social phenomena systematically.

By acknowledging these aspects, one can appreciate the distinctive essence and methodology of sociology in analyzing and understanding societal dynamics.

12. Similarities and Differences between Sociology and Anthropology

Answer:

Sociology and Anthropology are both crucial social science disciplines dedicated to comprehending human behavior and societal dynamics. While they share some similarities, they also exhibit notable differences in focus and methodology.

Similarities:

a. Interdisciplinary Approach: Both sociology and anthropology adopt a multidisciplinary perspective, integrating scientific and humanistic viewpoints in their examination of society and human behavior. This interdisciplinary approach enriches their analyses and interpretations.

b. Institutional Integration: Many academic institutions amalgamate sociology and anthropology departments due to the overlapping interests and methodologies between the two disciplines. This integration fosters collaboration and cross-fertilization of ideas.

Differences:

a. Focus: Sociology primarily concentrates on the study of society, emphasizing social structures, institutions, and processes. In contrast, anthropology focuses on the study of culture, including beliefs, practices, and customs, often within smaller-scale societies or communities.

b. Methodology: Anthropology predominantly employs ethnography, narrative studies, and qualitative methods to understand cultures through direct observation and immersion in social contexts. Conversely, sociology utilizes a range of quantitative and qualitative methods to study various aspects of society, including politics, economics, and social interactions. Sociology often relies on theoretical frameworks derived from disciplines such as linguistics, philosophy, political economy, and Marxism to analyze societal phenomena.

By recognizing these similarities and differences, one can appreciate the complementary roles that sociology and anthropology play in advancing our understanding of human societies and cultures, despite their distinct foci and methodologies.

13.What are  Major Functions of Family.

Answer:

The family stands as one of the most fundamental institutions in society, playing a pivotal role in personal and societal development. Its functions are diverse and crucial for the well-being of its members and the stability of society. Here are the major functions of the family:

a. Bearing, Rearing, and Protection of Children: The family serves as the primary unit for procreation and the upbringing of children. It provides a nurturing environment for children to grow, develop, and learn essential life skills.

b. Provision of Residence: The family offers a physical space or residence where its members can reside and feel a sense of belonging. It serves as the foundational unit of habitation and shelter.

c. Socialization: One of the primary functions of the family is to socialize its members, imparting cultural norms, values, beliefs, and behavioral patterns. Through socialization, individuals learn to adapt to societal expectations and norms.

d. Culture Transmission: Families play a vital role in transmitting cultural heritage from one generation to another. They pass down traditions, customs, language, rituals, and other cultural practices that shape the identity and heritage of individuals.

e. Regulation and Satisfaction of Sexual Needs: The family provides a framework for the regulation and fulfillment of sexual needs within socially acceptable boundaries. It establishes norms and expectations regarding intimate relationships and facilitates the expression of affection and intimacy.

f. Psychological and Affectional Functions: Families offer emotional support, love, care, and affection to their members. They serve as a source of comfort, encouragement, and companionship, contributing to the psychological well-being of individuals.

g. Religious Functions: In many societies, families play a role in religious practices, rituals, and observances. They may instill religious beliefs, values, and practices, fostering spiritual growth and moral development among their members.

h. Economic Functions: Families are essential for economic cooperation and resource-sharing among their members. They provide financial support, contribute to the household economy, and ensure the provision of basic needs such as food, clothing, and shelter.

i. Educational Functions: Families play a crucial role in education, serving as the first and most influential teachers in a child's life. They promote intellectual development, curiosity, and a love for learning through informal education and experiential learning within the family unit.

Overall, the family performs multifaceted functions that are indispensable for individual development, societal stability, and the preservation of cultural heritage across generations.

14.  Discuss the Class-Based Social Stratification in Nepalese Society

Answer:

Social stratification in Nepalese society is primarily influenced by the traditional caste system, which has deep roots in Hinduism. This system categorizes individuals into distinct social classes or varnas based on their occupation and birth. Here's a discussion on class-based social stratification in Nepalese society:

a. The Caste System:

The Nepalese caste system draws from the classical Hindu Chaturvarnashram model, which consists of four main social classes or varnas:

- Brahmin (Priestly Class)

- Kshatriya (Warrior/Ruler Class)

- Vaishya (Merchant/Farmer Class)

- Sudra (Laborer/Service Class)

These varnas are hierarchical, with Brahmins at the top and Sudras at the bottom. The occupation and social status of individuals are predetermined by birth into a particular caste.

b. Social Hierarchy:

Within the caste system, Brahmins traditionally held the highest social status due to their association with religious practices and scholarship. Kshatriyas ranked second, followed by Vaishyas and Sudras. The social hierarchy dictated various aspects of life, including marriage, education, and access to resources.

c. Contemporary Context:

Despite efforts to abolish caste-based discrimination and promote social equality, the caste system continues to influence Nepalese society. However, in contemporary times, socioeconomic factors have also contributed to social stratification alongside caste.

d. Economic Disparities:

In addition to caste, class-based inequality has emerged in Nepalese society. Economic disparities exist between different social groups, with certain castes experiencing higher levels of poverty and marginalization than others. Access to education, employment opportunities, and healthcare varies significantly based on socioeconomic status.

e. Census Data:

The 2011 census of Nepal identified 125 caste/ethnic groups and 123 languages. While the caste system remains prevalent, there is a diverse range of ethnicities and cultures within the country. Nevertheless, certain dominant castes, such as Brahmins and Kshatriyas, continue to hold significant social and political influence.

f. Social Mobility:

While social mobility within the caste system has historically been limited, there have been gradual changes in recent years. Education, urbanization, and economic development have facilitated upward mobility for some individuals, allowing them to transcend traditional caste boundaries.

Conclusion:

Class-based social stratification in Nepalese society is deeply intertwined with the traditional caste system. While caste continues to influence social dynamics, contemporary socioeconomic factors also play a significant role in shaping social hierarchies. Efforts to address caste-based discrimination and promote social inclusion remain ongoing challenges for Nepalese society.

15. What do you understand by social change? Discuss some of the major factors of social change.

Answer:

Social change encompasses transformations in human interactions, relationships, and societal structures that lead to cultural and institutional shifts. These changes, occurring over time, often bring profound and enduring consequences for society. Here's a discussion on social change and some major factors influencing it:

Understanding Social Change:

Social change denotes alterations in societal norms, values, behaviors, and institutions, leading to shifts in the overall fabric of society. Examples include significant historical events such as the industrial revolution, the abolition of slavery, and movements advocating for gender equality. Social change implies value shifts, substantial modifications in institutions, and overall societal improvement.

Major Factors of Social Change:

a. Geographical Factors: Changes in geography, such as migration patterns, urbanization, and environmental conditions, can influence social dynamics by altering population distribution and settlement patterns.

b. Biological Factors: Advances in medical science, changes in birth and mortality rates, and shifts in population demographics due to biological factors contribute to social change.

c. Demographic Factors: Population growth, age distribution, migration trends, and changes in family structures are significant demographic factors influencing social change.

d. Technological Factors: Technological advancements, innovations, and the adoption of new technologies can revolutionize social behaviors, communication patterns, and economic systems.

e. Industrial Factors: The rise of industrialization, changes in modes of production, and shifts from agrarian to industrial economies have profound impacts on social structures and lifestyles.

f. Economic Factors: Economic systems, globalization, wealth distribution, and market dynamics play critical roles in shaping social change by influencing income disparities, employment opportunities, and standards of living.

g. Ideological Factors: Changes in ideologies, beliefs, values, and political philosophies drive social movements, revolutions, and shifts in governance structures.

h. Cultural Factors: Cultural transformations, including shifts in norms, customs, traditions, and cultural exchanges, contribute to social change by influencing social behaviors and identities.

i. Psychological Factors: Changes in individual and collective attitudes, perceptions, motivations, and psychological dispositions can drive social change by shaping human behaviors and interactions.

j. Educational Factors: Access to education, changes in educational curricula, and advancements in knowledge dissemination contribute to social change by fostering critical thinking, awareness, and societal innovation.

k. Voluntary Acts of Individuals: Individual actions, activism, advocacy, and social movements initiated by citizens can catalyze social change by challenging existing norms, advocating for reforms, and promoting social justice.

By understanding these major factors, we gain insights into the complex interplay of forces driving social change and shaping the trajectory of societies over time.

16. What is research proposal? Formulate a research proposal with its major components.

Answer:

Research Proposal

A research proposal serves as a comprehensive plan outlining the details of a proposed research study. It provides a blueprint for conducting the research, addressing key aspects such as the research objectives, methodology, expected outcomes, and budgetary considerations. Here's a formulation of a research proposal with its major components:

Research Title: 

The Impact of Social Media Usage on Mental Health Among Adolescents in Urban Areas

a. Introduction: 

Introduce the research topic, its significance, and relevance to the field of study. Provide background information to contextualize the research problem.

b. Statement of the Problem:

Identify and articulate the specific problem or issue that the research aims to address. Clearly state the gap in knowledge or understanding that the study seeks to fill.

c. Objectives:

Outline the specific goals and objectives of the research study. These objectives should be clear, measurable, and achievable within the scope of the study.

d. Research Questions:

Formulate research questions that guide the investigation and exploration of the research problem. These questions should be focused and aligned with the research objectives.

e. Hypothesis Formulation:

Propose testable hypotheses based on the research questions and objectives. These hypotheses should articulate the expected relationships or outcomes to be tested during the study.

f. Expected Outcomes:

Describe the anticipated outcomes or findings of the research study. This section should highlight the potential contributions of the study to the field of research and its implications for practice or policy.

g. Rationale of the Study:

Provide justification for why the research is important and why it is worth conducting. Discuss the significance of the research topic and its potential impact on addressing the identified problem.

h. Limitations of the Study:

Acknowledge and discuss any potential limitations or constraints that may affect the research process or the interpretation of the findings.

i. Literature Review:

Conduct a comprehensive review of existing literature relevant to the research topic. Synthesize and analyze previous research studies, theories, and scholarly works related to the research problem.

j. Theoretical Framework:

Identify and discuss the theoretical perspectives or frameworks that inform the research study. Explain how these theories guide the formulation of research hypotheses and the interpretation of findings.

k. Conceptual Framework:

Develop a conceptual framework that illustrates the relationships between key variables or concepts in the research study. This framework provides a visual representation of the theoretical underpinnings of the study.

l. Research Methods:

Describe the research methodology and approach to be employed in the study. This includes details on the research design, sampling procedures, data collection methods, and data analysis techniques.

   i. Research Design

   ii. Sample Size, Sample Procedure, Sample Technique

   iii. Sampling Tools

   iv. Data Collection Procedure

   v. Data Analysis Procedure and Instruments

m. Time Schedule (Gantt Chart):

Present a timeline or schedule outlining the sequence of activities and milestones involved in the research project. This helps to ensure that the research is completed within the allocated timeframe.

n. Budgets (if required):

Estimate the financial resources required to conduct the research study. This includes costs associated with personnel, equipment, materials, travel, and other expenses.

o. References:

Provide a list of references cited throughout the research proposal. Follow the appropriate citation style (e.g., APA, MLA) for listing references.

By addressing these major components, the research proposal provides a comprehensive framework for planning and executing the proposed research study. It serves as a roadmap for researchers, guiding them through each stage of the research process and ensuring that the study is conducted in a systematic and rigorous manner.

17. Discuss the Major Concepts of Research in Social Science Research

Answer:

Research in social science encompasses a diverse range of concepts and principles aimed at understanding and analyzing human behavior, societies, and institutions. Here are some key concepts:

a. Definition of Research: Research involves a systematic investigation or activity aimed at gaining new knowledge or insights into existing facts. It entails a rigorous and methodical approach to inquiry, often employing scientific methods and procedures.

b. Concepts in Research: Concepts are theoretical ideas that are linked to empirical reality in social science research. These concepts serve as the building blocks for understanding and analyzing social phenomena, providing a framework for empirical investigation.

c. Intellectual Activity: Research is an intellectual endeavor that seeks to uncover new knowledge, correct misconceptions, and contribute to the existing body of knowledge. It involves critical thinking, analysis, and interpretation of data and information.

d. Systematic Process: Research is conducted through a systematic, formal, and intensive process that follows the scientific method of analysis. It involves formulating research questions, designing research methods, collecting and analyzing data, and drawing conclusions based on empirical evidence.

e. Emphasis on Empirical Evidence: Social science research is based on observable experiences and empirical evidence. It relies on data collected through systematic observation, surveys, experiments, and other research methods to support or refute hypotheses and theories.

In summary, research in social science involves a systematic, methodical approach to inquiry aimed at gaining new knowledge and insights into human behavior and societal phenomena. It relies on empirical evidence, theoretical concepts, and scientific methods to address social problems and contribute to the advancement of knowledge in the field.

18. Define Socialization and describe its Stages and Agents

Answer:

Socialization is the process through which individuals acquire the values, habits, and attitudes of a society. It begins during childhood and continues throughout life, shaping individuals' understanding of social norms and roles.

Stages of Socialization:

a. Oral Stage: This initial stage begins at birth and extends through infancy. Infants rely on crying to communicate their needs, primarily seeking nourishment and comfort. The primary caregiver, often the mother, plays a central role in meeting these needs and establishing a sense of security. During this stage, infants develop a sense of trust and dependency on their caregivers.

b. Anal Stage: The anal stage typically occurs during early childhood, from around one to three years of age. Toilet training becomes a focal point, with caregivers teaching children the importance of proper hygiene and self-control. Children begin to internalize roles and rules, learning to differentiate between acceptable and unacceptable behavior through guidance and reinforcement from caregivers.

c. Puberty Stage: This stage spans from approximately four years to puberty (around age 12 or 13). Children begin to identify themselves within the context of their family and society, adopting gender roles and social expectations associated with their biological sex. They develop a sense of belonging to their family unit while exploring their individual identity.

d. Adolescence Stage: Adolescence, which coincides with puberty, marks a period of transition from childhood to adulthood. Adolescents seek greater autonomy and independence from parental control, grappling with societal expectations and norms. This stage is characterized by identity exploration, peer influence, and the negotiation of adult roles and responsibilities.

Agents of Socialization:

a. Family: The family serves as the primary agent of socialization, providing the initial framework for social interaction and learning. Parents and caregivers transmit cultural values, norms, and behaviors to children through direct instruction and modeling.

b. School: Schools play a significant role in socialization, exposing children to formal education and social interactions with peers and authority figures. Students learn academic skills, social norms, and values that prepare them for participation in society.

c. Peer Group: Peer groups, consisting of friends and peers of similar age and interests, exert considerable influence on socialization during childhood and adolescence. Peer interactions shape attitudes, behaviors, and social identities, contributing to the formation of individual and group identities.

d. Religious Institutions: Temples, churches, mosques, and other religious institutions provide spiritual guidance and moral teachings, influencing individuals' beliefs, values, and ethical frameworks.

e. Mass Media: Mass media, including television, internet, and social media platforms, serve as pervasive agents of socialization, shaping perceptions, attitudes, and behaviors through exposure to cultural messages, images, and narratives.

In summary, socialization involves a lifelong process of acquiring cultural norms, values, and behaviors through interaction with various agents such as family, school, peers, religious institutions, and mass media. Each stage of socialization contributes to individuals' understanding of themselves and their roles within society.

19. Discuss Historical Process of Nationhood in Nepal

Answer:

The concept of nationhood in Nepal has evolved through a complex historical process, shaped by various dynasties, rulers, and socio-political movements. Here's an overview of the historical development of nationhood in Nepal:

Prehistory of Nationhood in Nepal:

The prehistoric roots of nationhood in Nepal are marked by archaeological evidence of early human settlements in the Siwalik Hills, dating back to the Paleolithic, Mesolithic, and Neolithic periods. The arrival of the Kirat people roughly 2500 years ago is considered significant, as they were among the earliest documented tribes in Nepal. They migrated into the Kathmandu Valley but were eventually displaced by the invading Lichhavis from India.

Dynastic Periods:

a. Kirat Dynasty: The Kirat people ruled Nepal for a significant period, followed by legendary accounts of the Gopalavamsi and Mhaisapalavamsa dynasties.

b. Lichhavi Dynasty: The Lichhavi Dynasty, originating from India, played a crucial role in shaping Nepal's early political and cultural landscape.

c. Malla Dynasty: The Malla Dynasty, emerging in the 12th century, ruled over various regions of Nepal and contributed to the development of art, culture, and architecture.

d. Shah Dynasty: The Shah Dynasty, established by King Prithvi Narayan Shah in the 18th century, marked a pivotal moment in Nepalese history. Prithvi Narayan Shah's unification campaign led to the consolidation of various principalities and the formation of a unified Nepal.

Modern Period:

a. Gorkha Rule: The Shah Dynasty's reign over Nepal, centered in Gorkha, laid the foundation for the modern Nepalese state. Prithvi Narayan Shah's conquests expanded Nepal's territorial boundaries and established a centralized monarchy.

b. Rana Rule: The Rana regime, which followed the Shah Dynasty, saw a period of autocratic rule characterized by the dominance of the Rana prime ministers. Despite being nominally under the Shah monarchs, real power rested with the Rana oligarchy.

c. Multiparty Parliaments (1990): The restoration of multiparty democracy in 1990 marked a significant shift in Nepal's political landscape. The introduction of a constitutional monarchy and the establishment of a parliamentary system heralded a new era of political participation and governance.

d. Nepal Civil War (1996-2006): The Maoist insurgency, known as the Nepal Civil War, challenged the existing political order and led to significant socio-political upheaval. The conflict ultimately resulted in the signing of the Comprehensive Peace Agreement in 2006, paving the way for political negotiations and the restructuring of the state.

e. Federal Democratic Republic (2008): The abolition of the monarchy and the declaration of Nepal as a Federal Democratic Republic in 2008 represented a transformative moment in Nepalese history. The adoption of a new constitution aimed at ensuring inclusive governance and addressing historical grievances.

f. Protests over the Constitution (2015): Despite the promulgation of a new constitution in 2015, protests and dissent over issues of federalism, representation, and identity continued to shape Nepal's political landscape, highlighting ongoing challenges in the nation-building process.

In summary, the historical process of nationhood in Nepal has been characterized by the rise and fall of dynasties, periods of political turmoil, and the quest for inclusive governance and national unity. From ancient tribal settlements to the modern democratic republic, Nepal's journey towards nationhood reflects the complexities of its diverse cultural, political, and social fabric.

20.Do you think technology plays an important role in the development of society? Explain.

Answer:

Technology is the application of scientific knowledge to the making of tools to solve specific problems. Technological advances such as automobiles, airplanes, radio, television, cellular phones, computers, modems, fax machines have bought major advance changes to the world. Indeed, 20th century technology has completely and irreversibly changed the way people meet, interact, learn, work play, travel, worship, and do business.

Technological information increase exponentially: the entire database of

scientific knowledge doubles every several years. This "technological explosion" is due in part to an information explosion," as well as to advances in storage, retrieval, and communication of data.

As experiences of global present situation, the technology plays important role in the development of the society; Infrastructure development. Third world countries including Nepal, have an

developed the sustainable infrastructure plan in the help of technology to improvement the economic growth. This countries also achieve sustainable development in different fields such as schools, factories, roads, industries, agriculture, hydropower, tourism, health facilities and health care system, and also developed the norms, values, beliefs, culture and knowledge of the people through the technology. Society people are getting better education through the innovative curriculum. Technology is also supporting to getting the fund rising and communication each other within the second.

20.Do you think technology plays an important role in the development of society? Explain.

Answer:

The Importance of Technology in Societal Development

Technology plays a crucial role in the development of society, facilitating progress across various domains and transforming the way individuals interact, work, and live. Here are some key points highlighting the significance of technology in societal development:

a. Advancements in Tools and Solutions: Technology encompasses the application of scientific knowledge to create tools and solutions for addressing specific problems. From automobiles and airplanes to computers and smartphones, technological innovations have revolutionized various aspects of human life.

b. Transformation of Communication and Interaction: Technological advancements such as radio, television, cellular phones, and the internet have transformed communication and interaction patterns within society. These technologies enable instant communication across vast distances, fostering global connectivity and collaboration.

c. Information Expansion and Access: The proliferation of technology has led to an exponential increase in the availability and accessibility of information. The digital era has facilitated the storage, retrieval, and communication of vast amounts of data, contributing to knowledge dissemination and educational opportunities.

d. Infrastructure Development: Technology plays a crucial role in infrastructure development, particularly in developing countries. Technologies such as sustainable energy solutions, transportation systems, and communication networks contribute to economic growth, improved living standards, and enhanced connectivity.

e. Educational Advancements: Technology has revolutionized the education sector, enabling innovative teaching methods, digital learning resources, and online educational platforms. These advancements enhance access to quality education, promote lifelong learning, and foster skill development in the workforce.

f. Healthcare and Medical Advances: Technological innovations have revolutionized healthcare and medical practices, leading to improved diagnosis, treatment, and patient care. Medical technologies such as diagnostic imaging, telemedicine, and wearable health devices enhance healthcare accessibility and outcomes.

g. Economic Growth and Innovation: Technology drives economic growth and innovation by facilitating the creation of new industries, products, and services. Technological advancements spur entrepreneurship, job creation, and economic diversification, contributing to overall societal prosperity.

h. Cultural and Social Impact: Technology influences cultural norms, values, and social behaviors within society. It shapes entertainment, media consumption, and social interactions, contributing to cultural exchange and globalization.

In summary, technology plays a pivotal role in societal development by driving progress, innovation, and connectivity across various domains. From infrastructure development and educational advancements to healthcare improvements and economic growth, technology empowers individuals and societies to thrive in an increasingly interconnected world.